Tarihin tarihi
A cikin karni na 19, tare da saurin bunkasuwar tsarin jari-hujja, gaba daya 'yan jari-hujja na cin zarafin ma'aikata ta hanyar kara yawan lokutan aiki da karfin aiki don samun karin rarar kima wajen neman riba. Ma'aikatan sun yi aiki fiye da sa'o'i 12 a rana kuma yanayin aiki ya yi muni sosai.
Gabatarwar ranar aiki na awa takwas
Bayan karni na 19, musamman ta hanyar kungiyar Chartist, ma'aunin gwagwarmayar ma'aikatan Birtaniyya yana karuwa. A watan Yuni 1847, Majalisar Biritaniya ta zartar da Dokar Ranar Aiki ta awanni goma. A shekara ta 1856, masu hakar zinare a Melbourne, a Ostiraliya ta Burtaniya, sun yi amfani da ƙarancin aiki kuma suka yi yaƙi na tsawon sa’o’i takwas. Bayan shekarun 1870, ma'aikatan Birtaniyya a wasu masana'antu sun ci nasara a rana ta tara. A cikin watan Satumba na 1866, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta farko ta gudanar da taronta na farko a Geneva, inda, a kan shawarar Marx, "hana doka ta tsarin aiki shine mataki na farko zuwa ga ci gaban ilimi, ƙarfin jiki da kuma 'yantar da ma'aikata na ƙarshe," ya wuce. ƙuduri "don yin ƙoƙari na awanni takwas na ranar aiki." Tun daga wannan lokacin, ma'aikata a duk ƙasashe sun yi yaƙi da 'yan jari hujja na tsawon sa'o'i takwas.
A cikin 1866, taron Geneva na farko na kasa da kasa ya ba da shawarar taken ranar sa'o'i takwas. A cikin gwagwarmayar proletariat na kasa da kasa na tsawon sa'o'i takwas, ma'aikata na Amurka sun jagoranci. A ƙarshen yakin basasar Amurka a cikin 1860s, ma'aikatan Amurka a fili sun gabatar da taken "yaki na tsawon sa'o'i takwas". Taken ya bazu cikin sauri kuma ya sami babban tasiri.
Ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Amirka sun kori su, a cikin 1867, jihohi shida sun zartar da dokoki da ke ba da izinin aiki na sa'o'i takwas. A cikin watan Yunin 1868, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta kafa dokar tarayya ta farko a cikin sa'o'i takwas a tarihin Amurka, wanda ya sa ranar sa'o'i takwas ta shafi ma'aikatan gwamnati. A cikin 1876, Kotun Koli ta rushe dokar tarayya a rana ta takwas.
1877 An yi yajin aikin ƙasa na farko a tarihin Amurka. Ma’aikatan sun fito kan tituna domin nuna wa gwamnati yadda za a inganta ayyukan aiki da na rayuwa tare da neman a rage tsawon sa’o’in aiki da kuma sanya rana ta takwas. A karkashin matsananciyar matsin lamba daga kungiyar kwadago, an tilastawa Majalisar Dokokin Amurka kafa dokar ta tsawon sa'o'i takwas, amma daga karshe dokar ta zama matacciyar wasika.
Bayan shekarun 1880, gwagwarmaya na tsawon sa'o'i takwas ya zama babban batu a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na Amurka. A cikin 1882, ma'aikatan Amurka sun ba da shawarar cewa ranar Litinin ta farko a watan Satumba ta zama ranar zanga-zangar tituna, kuma sun yi yaƙi da wannan. A cikin 1884, taron AFL ya yanke shawarar cewa Litinin ta farko a watan Satumba za ta zama ranar hutu ta ƙasa ga ma'aikata. Duk da cewa wannan shawarar ba ta da alaka kai tsaye da gwagwarmayar da aka yi ta tsawon sa'o'i takwas, amma ta ba da kwarin guiwar gwagwarmayar na tsawon sa'o'i takwas. Dole ne Majalisa ta zartar da wata doka mai sanya Litinin ta farko a watan Satumba ta zama Ranar Ma'aikata. A cikin Disamba 1884, don inganta ci gaban gwagwarmaya na tsawon sa'o'i takwas, AFL kuma ta yi wani kuduri mai tarihi: "Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Kwadago da Ƙungiyoyin Kwadago a Amurka da Kanada sun warware wannan, tun daga watan Mayu. 1, 1886, ranar ma'aikata ta doka za ta zama sa'o'i takwas, kuma ta ba da shawarar ga duk ƙungiyoyin Ma'aikata a Gundumar cewa za su iya canza ayyukansu don dacewa da wannan ƙuduri a ranar da aka ambata. "
Ci gaba da hawan motsin aiki
A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1884, ƙungiyoyi takwas na ma'aikata na kasa da kasa da na kasa a Amurka da Kanada sun gudanar da wani taro a Chicago, Amurka, don gwagwarmaya don tabbatar da "ranar aiki na sa'o'i takwas", kuma suka yanke shawarar kaddamar da gwagwarmaya. kuma ya yanke shawarar gudanar da yajin aikin gama-gari a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1886, wanda ya tilasta wa 'yan jari hujja aiwatar da ranar aiki na sa'o'i takwas. Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata na Amirka a duk faɗin ƙasar sun ba da goyon baya da kuma ba da amsa, kuma dubban ma'aikata a garuruwa da yawa sun shiga gwagwarmaya.
Matakin na AFL ya sami amsa mai daɗi daga ma'aikata a duk faɗin Amurka. Tun daga 1886, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Amirka ta gudanar da zanga-zanga, yajin aiki, da kauracewa don tilasta wa masu daukan ma'aikata su ɗauki sa'o'i takwas na aiki a ranar 1 ga Mayu. Gwagwarmayar ta zo kan gaba a watan Mayu. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1886, ma'aikata 350,000 a Chicago da wasu biranen Amurka sun gudanar da yajin aikin gama gari da zanga-zanga, inda suka bukaci a aiwatar da ranar aiki ta sa'o'i 8 da inganta yanayin aiki. Sanarwar yajin aikin United Workers ta ce, “Tashi, ma’aikatan Amurka! 1 ga Mayu, 1886 ku ajiye kayan aikinku, ku ajiye aikinku, ku rufe masana'antar ku da ma'adinai na kwana ɗaya a shekara. Wannan ranar tawaye ce, ba hutu ba! Wannan ba rana ce da wani babban mai magana da yawunsa ya tsara tsarin bautar da ma’aikata a duniya ba. Wannan rana ce da ma'aikata ke yin nasu dokokin kuma suna da ikon aiwatar da su! … Wannan ita ce ranar da na fara jin daɗin aikin sa’o’i takwas, na huta na sa’o’i takwas, da sa’o’i takwas na iko da kaina.
Ma’aikata sun shiga yajin aikin, inda suka gurgunta manyan masana’antu a Amurka. Jiragen kasa sun daina gudu, an rufe shaguna, an kuma rufe dukkan wuraren ajiyar kayayyaki.
Amma hukumomin Amurka sun dakile wannan yajin aikin, an kashe ma'aikata da yawa tare da kama su, kuma duk kasar ta girgiza. Tare da babban goyon bayan ra'ayoyin jama'a masu ci gaba a duniya da kuma gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar ma'aikata a duniya, gwamnatin Amurka a karshe ta sanar da aiwatar da aikin na tsawon sa'o'i takwas bayan wata guda, kuma yunkurin ma'aikatan Amurka ya yi nasara a farko. nasara.
Kafa ranar ma'aikata ta duniya 1 ga Mayu
A cikin Yuli 1889, na biyu International, karkashin jagorancin Engels, gudanar da wani taro a Paris. Don tunawa da yajin aikin "Mayu" na ma'aikatan Amurka, yana nuna "Ma'aikatan duniya, ku haɗa kai!" Babban ikon inganta gwagwarmayar ma'aikata a duk ƙasashe na tsawon sa'o'i takwas na aiki, taron ya zartar da wani kuduri, a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1890, ma'aikatan duniya sun gudanar da fareti, kuma sun yanke shawarar sanya ranar 1 ga Mayu a matsayin ranar duniya. Ranar ma'aikata, wato, yanzu "Ranar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ta 1 ga Mayu."
A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1890, ma'aikata a Turai da Amurka sun jagoranci fitowa kan tituna don gudanar da gagarumin zanga-zanga da gangami don fafutukar kwato hakki da muradunsu. Daga nan ne a kowane lokaci a wannan rana, ma'aikata na dukkan kasashen duniya za su taru su yi fareti don nuna farin ciki.
Kungiyar kwadago ta ranar Mayu a Rasha da Tarayyar Soviet
Bayan mutuwar Engels a watan Agustan 1895, 'yan kasuwa a cikin kasashen duniya na biyu sun fara samun rinjaye, kuma a hankali jam'iyyun ma'aikata na na biyu na kasa da kasa sun zama jam'iyyun bourgeois masu kawo sauyi. Bayan barkewar yakin duniya na farko, shugabannin wadannan jam'iyyu sun kara fitowa fili suna cin amanar kasa da gurguzu da kuma zaman jama'a na son rai da goyon bayan yakin daular mulkin mallaka. A karkashin taken "kare uban kasa," ba tare da kunya ba suna ingiza ma'aikatan dukkan kasashe su shiga kisan gilla ga junansu don amfanin 'yan bogi. Don haka kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ta biyu ta wargaje kuma aka kawar da ranar Mayu, alama ce ta hadin kai tsakanin kasashen duniya. Bayan kawo karshen yakin, sakamakon karuwar yunkurin juyin juya hali a kasashen daular mulkin mallaka, wadannan maciya amana, domin su taimaka wa Burgeoisi wajen murkushe yunkurin juyin juya hali, sun sake daukar tutar kasa da kasa ta biyu don yaudarar 'yan mulkin mallaka. talakawa masu aiki, kuma sun yi amfani da taruka da zanga-zangar ranar Mayu don yada tasirin kawo sauyi. Tun daga wannan lokaci, game da batun yadda za a tuna da “Ranar Mayu”, an yi ta gwabzawa sosai tsakanin masu ra’ayin Markisanci na juyin juya hali da masu neman sauyi ta hanyoyi biyu.
A karkashin jagorancin Lenin, proletariat na Rasha da farko sun danganta bikin "ranar Mayu" tare da ayyukan juyin juya hali na lokuta daban-daban, kuma sun yi bikin "ranar Mayu" na shekara-shekara tare da ayyukan juyin juya hali, wanda ya sa ranar 1 ga Mayu ta zama bikin juyin juya halin proletarian na kasa da kasa. Taron farko na tunawa da ranar Mayu da masu fafutuka na Rasha suka yi shi ne a shekara ta 1891. A ranar Mayu 1900, an gudanar da tarurruka da zanga-zangar ma'aikata a Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkiv, Tifris (yanzu Tbilisi), Kiev, Rostov da sauran manyan biranen kasar. Bisa ga umarnin Lenin, a cikin 1901 da 1902, zanga-zangar ma'aikatan Rasha na tunawa da ranar Mayu ta ci gaba sosai, ta juya daga maci zuwa rikici na jini tsakanin ma'aikata da sojoji.
A cikin Yuli 1903, Rasha ta kafa jam'iyyar juyin juya hali ta Marxist ta farko ta proletariat ta kasa da kasa. A wannan Majalisa, Lenin ne ya tsara daftarin kuduri a ranar farko ta Mayu. Tun daga wannan lokacin, bikin tunawa da ranar Mayu na masu ra'ayin Rasha, tare da jagorancin jam'iyyar, ya shiga wani mataki na juyin juya hali. Tun daga wannan lokacin ne ake gudanar da bukukuwan ranar Mayu a kowace shekara a kasar Rasha, kuma kungiyar kwadago ta ci gaba da karuwa, wanda ya hada da dubun dubatar ma'aikata, an kuma samu arangama tsakanin talakawa da sojoji.
Sakamakon nasarar juyin juya halin Oktoba, kungiyar ma'aikata ta Tarayyar Soviet ta fara bikin ranar ma'aikata ta kasa da kasa a yankin nasu tun daga shekara ta 1918. Kazalika a duk fadin duniya sun hau kan hanyar juyin juya hali na gwagwarmayar tabbatar da mulkin soja. mulkin kama-karya na proletariat, da bikin "Mayu" ya fara zama juyin juya hali na gaske da fada f.estival a cikin wadannan kasashe.
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Lokacin aikawa: Mayu-01-2024