Tarihin Baya
A ƙarni na 19, tare da saurin ci gaban jari-hujja, 'yan jari-hujja galibi suna cin zarafin ma'aikata ta hanyar ƙara lokacin aiki da ƙarfin aiki don samun ƙarin fa'ida don neman riba. Ma'aikatan suna aiki fiye da awanni 12 a rana kuma yanayin aiki ya yi muni sosai.
Gabatar da ranar aiki ta awanni takwas
Bayan ƙarni na 19, musamman ta hanyar ƙungiyar Chartist, girman gwagwarmayar ma'aikatan Burtaniya ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa. A watan Yunin 1847, Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya ta zartar da Dokar Ranar Aiki ta awanni goma. A shekarar 1856, masu hakar zinare a Melbourne, Birtaniya Ostiraliya, sun yi amfani da ƙarancin ma'aikata suka yi yaƙi na tsawon awanni takwas a rana. Bayan shekarun 1870, ma'aikatan Burtaniya a wasu masana'antu sun lashe ranar awanni tara a rana. A watan Satumba na 1866, First International ta gudanar da babban taronta na farko a Geneva, inda, bisa shawarar Marx, "ƙare tsarin aiki na doka shine matakin farko zuwa ga ci gaban tunani, ƙarfin jiki da 'yantar da ma'aikata na ƙarshe," ta zartar da ƙudurin "yin ƙoƙari na tsawon awanni takwas na ranar aiki." Tun daga lokacin, ma'aikata a duk ƙasashe sun yi yaƙi da 'yan jari hujja na tsawon awanni takwas a rana.
A shekarar 1866, taron Geneva na farko na kasa da kasa ya gabatar da taken ranar awanni takwas. A cikin gwagwarmayar da ma'aikatan agaji na kasa da kasa suka yi na awanni takwas a rana, ajin ma'aikata na Amurka ne suka jagoranci. A karshen yakin basasar Amurka a shekarun 1860, ma'aikatan Amurka sun gabatar da taken "yaki na awanni takwas a rana". Taken ya bazu cikin sauri kuma ya sami babban tasiri.
A shekarar 1867, bisa ga jagorancin ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Amurka, jihohi shida sun zartar da dokoki da suka wajabta yin aiki na awanni takwas a rana. A watan Yunin 1868, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da doka ta farko ta tarayya a ranar awanni takwas a tarihin Amurka, inda ta sanya ranar awanni takwas ta shafi ma'aikatan gwamnati. A shekarar 1876, Kotun Koli ta soke dokar tarayya a ranar awanni takwas.
A shekarar 1877, an yi yajin aiki na farko a ƙasar Amurka. Ma'aikata sun fito kan tituna don yin zanga-zanga ga gwamnati don inganta yanayin aiki da rayuwa da kuma buƙatar a rage lokutan aiki da kuma gabatar da rana ta awanni takwas. A ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai tsanani daga ƙungiyar ma'aikata, Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta tilasta wa Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar da dokar ta awanni takwas a rana, amma daga ƙarshe dokar ta zama ba ta da tushe.
Bayan shekarun 1880, gwagwarmayar awanni takwas ta yi ta zama babbar matsala a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago ta Amurka. A shekarar 1882, ma'aikatan Amurka sun ba da shawarar cewa a ware Litinin ta farko a watan Satumba a matsayin ranar zanga-zangar tituna, kuma sun yi gwagwarmaya ba tare da gajiyawa ba don wannan. A shekarar 1884, taron AFL ya yanke shawarar cewa Litinin ta farko a watan Satumba za ta zama Ranar Hutu ta Ƙasa ga ma'aikata. Duk da cewa wannan shawarar ba ta da alaƙa kai tsaye da gwagwarmayar awanni takwas ta yi, amma ta ba da ƙarfi ga gwagwarmayar awanni takwas ta yi. Dole ne Majalisa ta zartar da doka ta sanya Litinin ta farko a watan Satumba ta zama Ranar Ma'aikata. A watan Disamba na 1884, domin haɓaka ci gaban gwagwarmayar awanni takwas ta yi, AFL ta kuma yi wani kuduri na tarihi: "Ƙungiyoyin Kwadago da Ƙungiyoyin Ma'aikata da ke Amurka da Kanada sun yanke shawarar cewa, tun daga ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1886, ranar Labour ta shari'a za ta kasance awanni takwas, kuma suna ba da shawara ga dukkan ƙungiyoyin Labour a Gundumar cewa su iya gyara ayyukansu don su bi wannan kuduri a ranar da aka ambata."
Ci gaba da ƙaruwar ƙungiyar kwadago
A watan Oktoban 1884, ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata guda takwas na ƙasashen duniya da na ƙasa a Amurka da Kanada sun yi wani taro a Chicago, Amurka, don yin fafutukar tabbatar da "ranar aiki ta awanni takwas", kuma suka yanke shawarar ƙaddamar da wani gagarumin yaƙi, kuma suka yanke shawarar yin yajin aiki na gama gari a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1886, wanda ya tilasta wa 'yan jari hujja aiwatar da ranar aiki ta awanni takwas. Ajin ma'aikata na Amurka a faɗin ƙasar sun nuna goyon baya da kuma mayar da martani da himma, kuma dubban ma'aikata a birane da yawa sun shiga fafutukar.
Shawarar AFL ta sami martani mai daɗi daga ma'aikata a faɗin Amurka. Tun daga shekarar 1886, ajin ma'aikata na Amurka sun gudanar da zanga-zanga, yajin aiki, da kauracewa aiki don tilasta wa ma'aikata su ɗauki aikin sa'o'i takwas kafin ranar 1 ga Mayu. Gwagwarmayar ta zo karshe a watan Mayu. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1886, ma'aikata 350,000 a Chicago da sauran biranen Amurka sun gudanar da yajin aiki da zanga-zanga gabaɗaya, suna neman aiwatar da aikin sa'o'i 8 da inganta yanayin aiki. Sanarwar yajin aikin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta ce, "Ku tashi, ma'aikatan Amurka! 1 ga Mayu, 1886 ku ajiye kayan aikinku, ku ajiye aikinku, ku rufe masana'antunku da ma'adanai na kwana ɗaya a shekara. Wannan rana ce ta tawaye, ba hutu ba! Wannan ba rana ba ce da wani mai magana da yawun da ke alfahari ya tsara tsarin bautar da Ma'aikata na duniya. Wannan rana ce da ma'aikata ke yin dokokinsu kuma suna da ikon aiwatar da su! ... Wannan ita ce ranar da na fara jin daɗin aiki na awanni takwas, hutu na awanni takwas, da kuma ikon kaina na awanni takwas.
Ma'aikata sun shiga yajin aiki, wanda ya gurgunta manyan masana'antu a Amurka. Jiragen ƙasa sun daina aiki, shaguna sun rufe, kuma an rufe dukkan rumbunan ajiya.
Amma hukumomin Amurka sun dakatar da yajin aikin, an kashe ma'aikata da yawa an kuma kama su, kuma dukkan ƙasar ta girgiza. Tare da goyon bayan ra'ayoyin jama'a masu ci gaba a duniya da kuma gwagwarmayar da ma'aikata ke yi a faɗin duniya, gwamnatin Amurka a ƙarshe ta sanar da aiwatar da aikin sa'o'i takwas na rana bayan wata guda, kuma ƙungiyar ma'aikatan Amurka ta sami nasara a karon farko.
Kafa Ranar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ta 1 ga Mayu
A watan Yulin 1889, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Biyu, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Engels, ta gudanar da wani taro a birnin Paris. Domin tunawa da yajin aikin "Ranar Mayu" na ma'aikatan Amurka, yana nuna "Ma'aikatan duniya, ku haɗa kai!" Babban ƙarfin da ke haɓaka gwagwarmayar ma'aikata a duk ƙasashe na tsawon awanni takwas na aiki, taron ya zartar da wani kuduri, a ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1890, ma'aikatan ƙasashen duniya suka gudanar da faretin, kuma suka yanke shawarar sanya 1 ga Mayu a matsayin ranar Ranar Ma'aikata ta Duniya, wato, yanzu "Ranar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ta 1 ga Mayu."
A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 1890, ma'aikata a Turai da Amurka suka jagoranci zanga-zanga a tituna don gudanar da manyan zanga-zanga da gangami don fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙinsu da muradunsu. Tun daga lokacin, a kowane lokaci a wannan rana, ma'aikata na dukkan ƙasashe na duniya za su taru su yi faretin murna.
Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Ranar Mayu a Rasha da Tarayyar Soviet
Bayan mutuwar Engels a watan Agusta na 1895, masu neman dama a cikin Ƙasashen Duniya na Biyu sun fara samun rinjaye, kuma ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata da ke cikin Ƙasashen Duniya na Biyu sun fara canzawa a hankali zuwa ƙungiyoyin masu neman gyara na bourgeois. Bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, shugabannin waɗannan jam'iyyun sun ƙara cin amanar manufar ƙungiyar masu neman gyara na ƙasashen duniya da gurguzu a fili kuma suka zama masu son kawo sauyi a zamantakewa don goyon bayan yaƙin mulkin mallaka. A ƙarƙashin taken "kare ƙasar uba," sun yi wa ma'aikata na dukkan ƙasashe kwarin gwiwa don shiga cikin kisan kai na juna don amfanin ƙungiyar masu neman gyara nasu. Don haka ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya na Biyu ta wargaje kuma an kawar da Ranar Mayu, alama ce ta haɗin kai na ƙungiyar masu neman gyara na ƙasashen duniya. Bayan ƙarshen yaƙin, saboda ƙaruwar ƙungiyar masu neman gyara na ƙasashen duniya a cikin ƙasashen masu neman gyara, waɗannan masu cin amana, don taimakawa 'yan boko haram su danne ƙungiyar masu neman gyara na ƙasashen duniya, sun sake ɗaukar tutar Ƙasashen Duniya na Biyu don yaudarar jama'a, kuma sun yi amfani da tarurrukan ranar Mayu da zanga-zanga don yaɗa tasirin masu neman gyara. Tun daga lokacin, kan batun yadda za a tuna da "Ranar Mayu", akwai gwagwarmaya mai tsanani tsakanin masu ra'ayin gurguzu na Marx da masu ra'ayin kawo sauyi ta hanyoyi biyu.
A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Lenin, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Rasha ta fara haɗa bikin "Ranar Mayu" da ayyukan juyin juya hali na lokatai daban-daban, kuma ta tuna bikin "Ranar Mayu" na shekara-shekara da ayyukan juyin juya hali, wanda hakan ya sanya ranar 1 ga Mayu ta zama bikin juyin juya halin duniya na ma'aikata. Tunawa da ranar Mayu ta farko da ma'aikata ta Rasha ta yi ita ce a shekarar 1891. A ranar Mayu ta 1900, an gudanar da tarurrukan ma'aikata da zanga-zanga a Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkiv, Tifris (yanzu Tbilisi), Kiev, Rostov da sauran manyan birane da yawa. Bisa ga umarnin Lenin, a cikin 1901 da 1902, zanga-zangar ma'aikatan Rasha da ke tunawa da Ranar Mayu ta ci gaba sosai, inda ta koma daga zanga-zanga zuwa rikici tsakanin ma'aikata da sojoji.
A watan Yulin 1903, Rasha ta kafa jam'iyyar juyin juya hali ta farko mai fada da akidar Marxist ta ƙungiyar proletariat ta duniya. A wannan taron, Lenin ya tsara daftarin kuduri a ranar 1 ga Mayu. Tun daga lokacin, bikin ranar Mayu da ƙungiyar proletariat ta Rasha, tare da jagorancin Jam'iyyar, ya shiga wani mataki na juyin juya hali. Tun daga lokacin, ana gudanar da bukukuwan ranar Mayu kowace shekara a Rasha, kuma ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa, wanda ya shafi dubban ma'aikata, kuma an yi rikici tsakanin jama'a da sojoji.
Sakamakon nasarar juyin juya halin Oktoba, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta Soviet ta fara bikin Ranar Ma'aikata ta Duniya ta Ranar Mayu a yankinsu tun daga shekarar 1918. Ma'aikatan gwamnati a duk faɗin duniya suma sun hau kan hanyar juyin juya hali ta gwagwarmayar tabbatar da mulkin kama-karya na ma'aikatan gwamnati, kuma bikin "Ranar Mayu" ya fara zama juyin juya hali da faɗa fƙa'ida a waɗannan ƙasashe.
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Lokacin Saƙo: Mayu-01-2024